4. Description of tables

4.1. Personal information

4.1.1. F01_founders_info

Table 4.1 F01_founders_info

field	type	description
ind_id	int64	Unique entrepreneur id
name	string	Full name of the entrepreneur
type	string	Entrepreneur’s type
gender	string	Entrepreneur’s gender
country_code	string	Entrepreneur’s country code
region	string	Entrepreneur’s region
city	string	Entrepreneur’s city
cb_person_uuid	string	36-digit Crunchbase unique person id (person_uu_id)
permalink	string	Entrepreneur’s LinkedIn permalink
cb_url	string	Crunchbase url of the entrepreneur’s site
cb_rank	int64	Entrepreneur’s ranking in Crunchbase
facebook_url	string	Entrepreneur’s Facebook account url
twitter_url	string	Entrepreneur’s Twitter account url
linkedin_url	string	Entrepreneur’s LinkedIn account url
web_url	string	Entrepreneur’s website
name_src	string	Full name of the entrepreneur (raw)
byear_min	float64	Birth year (estimated)

4.2. Education history

4.2.1. E01_edu_main_parsed

Table 4.2 E01_edu_main_parsed

field	type	description
ind_id	int64	Unique entrepreneur id
org_id	string	Unique id of the organization founded by the entrepreneur, or where she worked/studied
edu_prg_id	string	Unique id of the study program
edu_sy	float64	Study program starting year
edu_ey	float64	Study program ending year
seq	float64	Sequence number. Indicates the order of occurrence of the work/education experiencce (after imputing exp_ey with 2020 in the case of ongoing work experiences).

4.2.2. E02_edu_orgs_parsed_names

Table 4.3 E02_edu_orgs_parsed_names

field	type	description
edu_org	string	Name of the organization where the entrepreneur studied (raw)
edu_org_parsed	string	Name of the organization where the entrepreneur studied (parsed)
alias	string	Alternative name of the organization in edu_org_parsed (source: Orbis)
prev_name	string	Previous name of the organization in edu_org_parsed (source: Orbis)
goodmatch	dummy	Equals 1 if the organization in edu_org_parsed was matched to an external dataset
org_id	string	Unique id of the organization founded by the entrepreneur, or where she worked/studied

4.2.3. E03_edu_programs

Table 4.4 E03_edu_programs

field	type	description
edu_prg_id	string	Unique id of the study program
edu_prg_parsed	string	Name of the study program

4.2.4. E04_edu_programs_isced_levels

Table 4.5 E04_edu_programs_isced_levels

field	type	description
edu_prg_id	string	Unique id of the study program
edu_prg_isced_level	string	Study program’s pseudo-ISCED level

4.2.5. E05_edu_programs_isced_fields

Table 4.6 E05_edu_programs_isced_fields

field	type	description
edu_prg_id	string	Unique id of the study program
edu_prg_isced_field	string	Study program’s ISCED field

4.2.6. E06_isced_fields_defs

Table 4.7 E06_isced_fields_defs

field	type	description
isced_field_id;isced_field_title	string

4.3. Work experience

4.3.1. W01_exp_main_parsed

Table 4.8 W01_exp_main_parsed

field	type	description
ind_id	int64	Unique entrepreneur id
org_id	string	Unique id of the organization founded by the entrepreneur, or where she worked/studied
jt_raw_id	string	Id of the job title (raw)
exp_sy	float64	Work experience starting year
exp_ey	float64	Work experience end year. Note: the variable takes the value 2020 for work experiences that were ongoing at the time of data collection (ca. 2020).
seq	float64	Sequence number. Indicates the order of occurrence of the work/education experiencce (after imputing exp_ey with 2020 in the case of ongoing work experiences).

4.3.2. W02_job_titles_raw_parsed

Table 4.9 W02_job_titles_raw_parsed

field	type	description
jt_raw_id	string	Id of the job title (raw)
jt_parsed_id	string	Id of the parsed job titles

4.3.3. W03_job_titles_parsed_onet

Table 4.10 W03_job_titles_parsed_onet

field	type	description
jt_parsed_id	string	Id of the parsed job titles
jt_parsed	string	Parsed job title
O*NET-SOC Code	string	Job title identifier from the O*NET database. It’s related to jt_parsed and jt_parsed_id in the same row.
multiple_onet_codes	dummy	Equals 1 if the parsed job title (jt_parsed) has been matched to more than one O*NET job codes and 0 otherwise

4.3.4. W04_job_titles_indicators_onehot

Table 4.11 W04_job_titles_indicators_onehot

field	type	description
jt_raw_id	string	Id of the job title (raw)
top_mgmt	dummy	Equals 1 if the job title is in top management and 0 otherwise
mgmt	dummy	Equals 1 if the job title is in management and 0 otherwise
submgmt	dummy	Equals 1 if the job title is in sub-management and 0 otherwise
non_mgmt	dummy	Equals 1 if the job title is not in managerial level and 0 otherwise
acco_fin	dummy	Equals 1 if the job title belongs to Accounting and Finance functional area and 0 otherwise
bam	dummy	Equals 1 if the job title belongs to Business and Management functional area and 0 otherwise
mkt_sales	dummy	Equals 1 if the job title belongs to Marketing and Sales functional area and 0 otherwise
personnel	dummy	Equals 1 if the job title belongs to Personnel/HHRR functional area and 0 otherwise
production	dummy	Equals 1 if the job title belongs to Production functional area and 0 otherwise
rnd_eng	dummy	Equals 1 if the job title belongs to R&D and Engineering functional area and 0 otherwise
no_functional_area	dummy	Equals 1 if the job title was not classified in any functional area and 0 otherwise
volunteer	dummy	Equals 1 if the job position was a volunteer job and 0 otherwise
medical	dummy	Equals 1 for medical-related job roles and 0 otherwise
teaching	dummy	Equals 1 for teaching job positions and 0 otherwise
board	dummy	Equals 1 for positions in the board of a company/organization and 0 otherwise
shareholder	dummy	Equals 1 if the entrepreneur is a shareholder of the org_id and 0 otherwise
jobst_intern	dummy	Equals 1 if the position was as job student/intern and 0 otherwise
phd	dummy	Equals 1 if the position was as a phd student and 0 otherwise
research	dummy	Equals 1 if the position was as researcher and 0 otherwise
postdoc	dummy	Equals 1 if the position was a post-doc and 0 otherwise
course_education	dummy	Equals 1 if the job title refers to a course and 0 otherwise
engineer	dummy	Equals 1 if the job title refers to an engineering role and 0 otherwise
independent	dummy	Equals 1 if the job title refers to an independent/freelance role and 0 otherwise
owner	dummy	Equals 1 if the entrepreneur is the owner of the org_id and 0 otherwise
entrepreneur	dummy	Equals 1 if the job title includes the term ‘entrepreneur’ and 0 otherwise
founder	dummy	Equals 1 if the entrepreneur is the founder of the org_id and 0 otherwise
accelerator	dummy	Equals 1 if the position/role was in an accelerator program and 0 otherwise
investor	dummy	Equals 1 if the entrepreneur is an investor in the org_id and 0 otherwise

4.3.5. W05_job_titles_job_rank

Table 4.12 W05_job_titles_job_rank

field	type	description
jt_raw_id	string	Id of the job title (raw)
jt_job_rank	string	Job title’s rank

4.3.6. W06_job_titles_functional_areas

Table 4.13 W06_job_titles_functional_areas

field	type	description
jt_raw_id	string	Id of the job title (raw)
jt_funct_area	string	Job title’s functional area

4.3.7. W07_job_titles_other_indicators

Table 4.14 W07_job_titles_other_indicators

field	type	description
jt_raw_id	string	Id of the job title (raw)
volunteer	dummy	Equals 1 if the job position was a volunteer job and 0 otherwise
medical	dummy	Equals 1 for medical-related job roles and 0 otherwise
teaching	dummy	Equals 1 for teaching job positions and 0 otherwise
board	dummy	Equals 1 for positions in the board of a company/organization and 0 otherwise
shareholder	dummy	Equals 1 if the entrepreneur is a shareholder of the org_id and 0 otherwise
jobst_intern	dummy	Equals 1 if the position was as job student/intern and 0 otherwise
phd	dummy	Equals 1 if the position was as a phd student and 0 otherwise
research	dummy	Equals 1 if the position was as researcher and 0 otherwise
postdoc	dummy	Equals 1 if the position was a post-doc and 0 otherwise
course_education	dummy	Equals 1 if the job title refers to a course and 0 otherwise
engineer	dummy	Equals 1 if the job title refers to an engineering role and 0 otherwise
independent	dummy	Equals 1 if the job title refers to an independent/freelance role and 0 otherwise
owner	dummy	Equals 1 if the entrepreneur is the owner of the org_id and 0 otherwise
entrepreneur	dummy	Equals 1 if the job title includes the term ‘entrepreneur’ and 0 otherwise
founder	dummy	Equals 1 if the entrepreneur is the founder of the org_id and 0 otherwise
accelerator	dummy	Equals 1 if the position/role was in an accelerator program and 0 otherwise
investor	dummy	Equals 1 if the entrepreneur is an investor in the org_id and 0 otherwise

4.3.8. W08_exp_company_parsed_names

Table 4.15 W08_exp_company_parsed_names

field	type	description
exp_org	string	Name of the organization where the entrepreneur has work experience (as a founder or employee)
exp_org_parsed	string	Name of the organization where the entrepreneur worked, or that she founded (parsed)
alias	string	Alternative name of the organization in edu_org_parsed (source: Orbis)
prev_name	string	Previous name of the organization in edu_org_parsed (source: Orbis)
goodmatch	dummy	Equals 1 if the organization in edu_org_parsed was matched to an external dataset
org_id	string	Unique id of the organization founded by the entrepreneur, or where she worked/studied

4.4. Ready-to-use (analysis)

(See Section 2 for additional information about the tables in this section)

4.4.1. U01_exp_flat

Table 4.16 U01_exp_flat

field	type	description
ind_id	int64	Unique entrepreneur id
org_id	string	Unique id of the organization founded by the entrepreneur, or where she worked/studied
jt_raw_id	string	Id of the job title (raw)
exp_sy	float64	Work experience starting year
exp_ey	float64	Work experience end year. Note: the variable takes the value 2020 for work experiences that were ongoing at the time of data collection (ca. 2020).
exp_ey_ongoing	dummy	Equals 1 if exp_ey was missing and it was imputed with 2020 (i.e., exp_sy was not missing and we can assume that the work experience was ongoing at the time of data collection, ca. 2020).
seq	int64	Sequence number. Indicates the order of occurrence of the work/education experiencce (after imputing exp_ey with 2020 in the case of ongoing work experiences).
_seq_src	float64	Sequence number. Indicates the order in which the work/study experience entry was (manually) collected from LinkedIn
ind_name	string	Entrepreneur’s full name
exp_org_parsed	string	Name of the organization where the entrepreneur worked, or that she founded (parsed)
org_matched	dummy	Equals 1 if the organization was matched to an external database, and zero otherwise and 0 otherwise
has_bvd_id	dummy	Equals 1 if the organization was matched to Orbis and 0 otherwise
bvd_sector	string	Organization sector (Orbis)
jt_job_rank	string	Job title’s rank
jt_funct_area	string	Job title’s functional area
founder_owner	dummy	Equals 1 if the entrepreneur is founder and/or owner of the org_id and 0 otherwise
founder	dummy	Equals 1 if the entrepreneur is the founder of the org_id and 0 otherwise
owner	dummy	Equals 1 if the entrepreneur is the owner of the org_id and 0 otherwise
investor	dummy	Equals 1 if the entrepreneur is an investor in the org_id and 0 otherwise
shareholder	dummy	Equals 1 if the entrepreneur is a shareholder of the org_id and 0 otherwise
first_year_in_firm	float64	The first (i.e., min) year in which the entrepreneur worked at org_id
min_exp_sy_founder	float64	The first (min) year when the entrepreneur worked as owner/founder of the org_id
byear_min	float64	Birth year (estimated)

4.4.2. U02_edu_flat

Table 4.17 U02_edu_flat

field	type	description
ind_id	int64	Unique entrepreneur id
org_id	string	Unique id of the organization founded by the entrepreneur, or where she worked/studied
edu_prg_id	string	Unique id of the study program
edu_sy	float64	Study program starting year
edu_ey	float64	Study program ending year
edu_ey_imputed	dummy	Equals 1 if edu_ey was missing, but a year was imputed combining edu_sy and the ISCED level (bachelor: +3, master: +1, phd: +4, tertiary: +3).
seq	int64	Sequence number. Indicates the order of occurrence of the work/education experiencce (after imputing exp_ey with 2020 in the case of ongoing work experiences).
_seq_src	float64	Sequence number. Indicates the order in which the work/study experience entry was (manually) collected from LinkedIn
ind_name	string	Entrepreneur’s full name
edu_org_parsed	string	Name of the organization where the entrepreneur studied (parsed)
org_matched	dummy	Equals 1 if the organization was matched to an external database, and zero otherwise and 0 otherwise
has_bvd_id	dummy	Equals 1 if the organization was matched to Orbis and 0 otherwise
bvd_sector	string	Organization sector (Orbis)
edu_prg_parsed	string	Name of the study program
edu_prg_isced_level	string	Study program’s pseudo-ISCED level
edu_prg_isced_field	string	Study program’s ISCED field
byear_min	float64	Birth year (estimated)

4.4.3. U03_entrepreneur_dyads

Table 4.18 U03_entrepreneur_dyads

field	type	description
ind_id_left	int64	Entrepreneur id (left, where <>_left and <>_right identify a dyad)
ind_id_right	int64	Entrepreneur id (right, where <>_left and <>_right identify a dyad)
cofounders	dummy	Equals 1 if ind_id_left and ind_id_right co-founded a firm and 0 otherwise
org_id_left	string	Org_id of the organization founded by ind_id_left
org_id_right	string	Org_id of the organization founded by ind_id_right
min_founding_year_left	int64	Minimum (earliest) founding year of the organization founded by ind_id_left
min_founding_year_right	int64	Minimum (earliest) founding year of the organization founded by ind_id_right
min_founding_year_both	int64	Minimum between min_founding_year_left and min_founding_year_right
counterf_win_1yr	dummy	Equals 1 if both organizations were founded within a period of 1 year
counterf_win_2yr	dummy	Equals 1 if both organizations were founded within a period of 2 year
counterf_same_industry	dummy	Equals 1 for rows where cofounders=1 OR for counterfactual dyads in the same industry-year (see text)
mkt_size_left	float64	Founders’ “market size”: The number of distinct startups founded in the same industries of org_id_left and in the same min_founding_year_left
mkt_size_right	float64	Founders’ “market size”: The number of distinct startups founded in the same industries of org_id_right and in the same min_founding_year_right
counterf_same_sector	dummy	Equals 1 for rows where cofounders=1 OR for counterfactual dyads in the same sector-year (see text)
has_exp_left	dummy	Equals 1 if ind_id_left has prior work experience and 0 otherwise
has_exp_right	dummy	Equals 1 if ind_id_right has prior work experience and 0 otherwise
has_exp_both	string	Number of entrepreneurs in the dyad that have prior experience: equals ‘one’ if only one entrepreneur has, ‘both’ if both have it and ‘none’ if no one has
same_org	dummy	Equals 1 if ind_id_left and ind_id_right worked for the same organization in the past and 0 otherwise
same_org_nr	int64	Number of organizations wherein ind_id_left and ind_id_right both worked (not necessarily at the same time) prior to co-founding the focal startup
same_org_time	dummy	Equals 1 if ind_id_left and ind_id_right worked for the same organization in the past and their spells overlapped at least one year, and 0 otherwise
same_org_time_nr	int64	Number of organizations wherein ind_id_left and ind_id_right both worked (with at least one year of overlap) prior to co-founding the focal startup
same_org_time_last_shared_yr	float64	When the focal cofounders worked for the same organization during the same time (even if their spells don’t overlap perfectly), this variable indicates the last year when they worked together. When the value is equal or greater than “min_cofounding_year_both” (the year they co-founded the real/conterfactual startup), this variable indicates that focal cofounders were co-workers at the time of founding.
same_org_duo	dummy	Equals 1 if ind_id_left and ind_id_right worked for the same organization (at the DUO-level) in the past and 0 otherwise
same_org_duo_nr	int64	Number of organizations (duo-level) wherein ind_id_left and ind_id_right both worked (not necessarily at the same time) prior to co-founding the focal startup
same_org_duo_time	dummy	Equals 1 if ind_id_left and ind_id_right worked for the same organization (at the DUO-level) in the past and their spells overlapped at least one year, and 0 otherwise
same_org_duo_time_nr	int64	Number of organizations (duo-level) wherein ind_id_left and ind_id_right both worked (with at least one year of overlap) prior to co-founding the focal startup
same_org_duo_time_last_shared_yr	float64	When the focal cofounders worked for the same organization (DUO level) during the same time (even if their spells don’t overlap perfectly), this variable indicates the last year when they worked together. When the value is equal or greater than “min_cofounding_year_both” (the year they co-founded the real/conterfactual startup), this variable indicates that focal cofounders were co-workers at the time of founding.
same_org_guo	dummy	Equals 1 if ind_id_left and ind_id_right worked for the same organization (at the GUO-level) in the past and 0 otherwise
same_org_guo_nr	int64	Number of organizations (guo-level) wherein ind_id_left and ind_id_right both worked (not necessarily at the same time) prior to co-founding the focal startup
same_org_guo_time	dummy	Equals 1 if ind_id_left and ind_id_right worked for the same organization (at the GUO-level) in the past and their spells overlapped at least one year, and 0 otherwise
same_org_guo_time_nr	int64	Number of organizations (guo-level) wherein ind_id_left and ind_id_right both worked (with at least one year of overlap) prior to co-founding the focal startup
same_org_guo_time_last_shared_yr	float64	When the focal cofounders worked for the same organization (GUO level) during the same time (even if their spells don’t overlap perfectly), this variable indicates the last year when they worked together. When the value is equal or greater than “min_cofounding_year_both” (the year they co-founded the real/conterfactual startup), this variable indicates that focal cofounders were co-workers at the time of founding.
same_sector	dummy	Equals 1 if ind_id_left and ind_id_right worked in the same bvd sector in the past and 0 otherwise
same_sector_nr	int64	Number of sectors wherein ind_id_left and ind_id_right both worked (not necessarily at the same time) prior to co-founding the focal startup
same_sector_time	dummy	Equals 1 if ind_id_left and ind_id_right worked in the same bvd sector in the past and their spells overlapped at least one year, and 0 otherwise
same_sector_time_nr	int64	Number of sectors wherein ind_id_left and ind_id_right both worked (with at least one year of overlap) prior to co-founding the focal startup
same_sector_time_last_shared_yr	float64	When the focal cofounders worked in the same sector during the same time (even if their spells don’t overlap perfectly), this variable indicates the last year when they worked together. When the value is equal or greater than “min_cofounding_year_both” (the year they co-founded the real/conterfactual startup), this variable indicates that focal cofounders were working in the same sector at the time of founding.
same_funct_area	dummy	Equals 1 if ind_id_left and ind_id_right worked in the same functional area in the past and 0 otherwise
same_funct_area_nr	int64	Number of functional areas wherein ind_id_left and ind_id_right both worked (not necessarily at the same time) prior to co-founding the focal startup
same_funct_area_time	dummy	Equals 1 if ind_id_left and ind_id_right worked inf the same functional area in the past and their spells overlapped at least one year, and 0 otherwise
same_funct_area_time_nr	int64	Number of functional areas wherein ind_id_left and ind_id_right both worked (with at least one year of overlap) prior to co-founding the focal startup
same_funct_area_time_last_shared_yr	float64	When the focal cofounders worked in the same functional area during the same time (even if their spells don’t overlap perfectly), this variable indicates the last year when they worked together. When the value is equal or greater than “min_cofounding_year_both” (the year the yco-founded the real/conterfactual startup), this variable indicates that focal cofounders worked in the same functional area at the time of founding.
same_edu	dummy	Equals 1 if ind_id_left and ind_id_right studied at the same institution in the past and 0 otherwise
same_edu_nr	int64
same_edu_time	dummy	Equals 1 if ind_id_left and ind_id_right studied at the same institution in the past and their spells overlapped at least one year, and 0 otherwise
same_edu_time_nr	int64
same_edu_time_last_shared_yr	float64	When the focal cofounders co-attended education during the same time (even if their spells don’t overlap perfectly), this variable indicates the last year when they worked together. When the value is equal or greater than “min_cofounding_year_both” (the year they co-founded the real/conterfactual startup), this variable indicates that focal cofounders were co-attending education at the time of founding.
same_isced_field	dummy	Equals 1 if ind_id_left and ind_id_right studied programs in the same ISCED field in the past and 0 otherwise
same_isced_field_nr	int64
same_isced_field_time	dummy	Equals 1 if ind_id_left and ind_id_right studied programs in the same ISCED field in the past and their spells overlapped at least one year, and 0 otherwise
same_isced_field_time_nr	int64
same_isced_field_time_last_shared_yr	float64	When the focal cofounders studied in the same ISCED field during the same time (even if their spells don’t overlap perfectly), this variable indicates the last year when they worked together. When the value is equal or greater than “min_cofounding_year_both” (the year they co-founded the real/conterfactual startup), this variable indicates that focal cofounders were studying in the same ISCED field at the time of founding.
same_study_time	dummy	Equals 1 if the spells wherein both entrepreneurs attained education (at any level, in any organization) overlap in at least one year.
same_work_time	dummy	Equals 1 if the spells wherein both entrepreneurs worked (for any company, in any role) overlap in at least one year.
last_exp_shared	string	For entrepreneur dyads who shared an employer in the past (same_org=1), this variable indicates whether the shared employer was the last working experience prior to cofounding (real or counterfactual) —i.e., the entrepreneur had no other job between the shared one and the cofounded firm. Values are: ‘both’ if the entrepreneurs in the dayd had no other work experience between the shared one and the cofounding; ‘left’ (‘right’) if only the left (right) entrepreneur had no other work experience between the shared one and the cofounding; and ‘none’ if for no entrepreneur the shared experience was the last one prior to cofounding.
hires_5y_left	float64	Number of distinct new people who joined the “left” startup within the first five years after the founding
workforce_5y_left	float64	Number of distinct people who worked at the “left” startup by the end of the fifth year
hires_5y_right	float64	Number of distinct new people who joined the “right” startup within the first five years after the founding
workforce_5y_right	float64	Number of distinct people who worked at the “right” startup by the end of the fifth year
ongoing_left	dummy	Equals 1 if the “left” cofounder’s role in the focal startup is ongoing (at the time of data collection, ca. 2020)
ongoing_right	dummy	Equals 1 if the “right” cofounder’s role in the focal startup is ongoing (at the time of data collection, ca. 2020)
same_fut_org_id_nr	int64	Number of companies where both focal entrepreneurs (‘left’ and ‘right’) worked after the focal dyad, either as employees or as cofounders
same_fut_org_id_cofound_nr	int64	Number of companies co-founded by the focal entrepreneurs (‘left’ and ‘right’) after the focal dyad
age_left	float64	Age of the left entrepreneur, ind_id_left, at the time of cofounding (real or counterfactual)
age_right	float64	Age of the right entrepreneur, ind_id_right, at the time of cofounding (real or counterfactual)
operating_revenue_cum_3yr_left	float64	Operating revenue (Turnover) of the “left” startup. In euros, cumulative over the first 3 years since incorporation. Source: Orbis.
operating_revenue_cum_3yr_right	float64	Operating revenue (Turnover) of the “right” startup. In euros, cumulative over the first 3 years since incorporation. Source: Orbis.
p_l_before_tax_cum_3y_left	float64	Profit/Loss before tax of the “left” startup, in eur; cumulative over the first 3 years since incorporation. Source: Orbis.
p_l_before_tax_cum_3y_right	float64	Profit/Loss before tax of the “right” startup, in eur; cumulative over the first 3 years since incorporation. Source: Orbis.
net_income_cum_3yr_left	float64	Profit/Loss for period (=Net income) of the “left” startup, in euros; cumulative over the first 3 years since incorporation. Source: Orbis.
net_income_cum_3yr_right	float64	Profit/Loss for period (=Net income) of the “right” startup, in euros; cumulative over the first 3 years since incorporation. Source: Orbis.
operating_revenue_cum_5yr_left	float64	Operating revenue (Turnover) of the “left” startup. In euros, cumulative over the first 5 years since incorporation. Source: Orbis.
operating_revenue_cum_5yr_right	float64	Operating revenue (Turnover) of the “right” startup. In euros, cumulative over the first 5 years since incorporation. Source: Orbis.
p_l_before_tax_cum_5y_left	float64	Profit/Loss before tax of the “left” startup, in eur; cumulative over the first 5 years since incorporation. Source: Orbis.
p_l_before_tax_cum_5y_right	float64	Profit/Loss before tax of the “right” startup, in eur; cumulative over the first 5 years since incorporation. Source: Orbis.
net_income_cum_5yr_left	float64	Profit/Loss for period (=Net income) of the “left” startup, in euros; cumulative over the first 5 years since incorporation. Source: Orbis.
net_income_cum_5yr_right	float64	Profit/Loss for period (=Net income) of the “right” startup, in euros; cumulative over the first 5 years since incorporation. Source: Orbis.

4.5. Raw tables

4.5.1. R01_be_founders_source

Table 4.19 R01_be_founders_source

field	type	description
ind_id	int64	Unique entrepreneur id
ind_lnm	string	Entrepreneur’s last name
ind_fnm	string	Entrepreneur’s first name
org_nm	string	(CB) Organization name
team_id	float64
filenr	int64
name_collector	string	Name of the job student that (manually) collected LinkedIn data about the entrepreneur in this row
date_collected	string	Collection date
startti	string	Starting time of data collection
endti	string	Ending time of data collection
org_ty	float64
org_fy	float64
org_weburl	string
org_liurl	string
org_Sirris	float64
org_BF	string
ind_male	dummy	Equals 1 if the entrepreneur is male, and 0 otherwise
ind_liurl	string
ind_weburl	string
ind_KBO	float64
ind_BF	string
ind_BF_m<*>_nm	string
ind_BF_m<*>_jt	string
ind_BF_m<*>_dt	string
exp<*>_org	string	Job experience: name of the organization where the entrepreneur worked at (raw; src: LinkedIn). All ‘exp<*>’ entries with the same number (<*>) refer to the same position.
exp<*>_sy	float64	Job experience: starting date in this position (raw; src: LinkedIn)
exp<*>_ey	float64	Job experience: ending date at this position (raw; src: LinkedIn)
exp<*>_jt	string	Job experience: job title (raw; src: LinkedIn)
edu<*>_org	string	Education: name of the organization where the entrepreneur studied (raw; src: Linkedin). All ‘edu<*>’ entries with the same number (<*>) refer to the same study
edu<*>_prg	string	Education: name of the study program (raw; src: Linkedin)
edu<*>_sy	float64	Education: starting year of the study program
edu<*>_ey	float64	Education: ending year of the study program
person_uuid	string	Crunchbase unique person id
name	string	Full name of the entrepreneur
type	string	Entrepreneur’s type
permalink	string	Entrepreneur’s LinkedIn permalink
cb_url	string	Crunchbase url of the entrepreneur’s site
rank	int64	Entrepreneur’s Crunchbase rank
created_at	string
updated_at	string
gender	string	Entrepreneur’s gender
country_code	string	Entrepreneur’s country code
state_code	float64	Entrepreneur’s state
region	string	Entrepreneur’s region
city	string	Entrepreneur’s city
featured_job_organization_uuid	string	Crunchbase organization id of the entrepreneur’s featured job
featured_job_organization_name	string	Crunchbase organization name of the entrepreneur’s featured job
featured_job_title	string	Title of the entrepreneur’s featured job
facebook_url	string	Entrepreneur’s Facebook account url
twitter_url	string	Entrepreneur’s Twitter account url
logo_url	string
job_uuid	string
job_name	string
job_type	string
job_permalink	string
job_cb_url	string
job_created_at	string
job_updated_at	string
org_uuid	string
founding_year	float64	Company founding year
job_started_on	string
job_ended_on	string
job_is_current	dummy
job_title	string
job_job_type	string	Type of the job role described in job_title (src: Crunchase)
CBunknown	float64
ind_org_id	int64
exp_nr	int64
edu_nr	int64
exp_edu_nr	int64
row	int64

4.5.2. R02_edu_source

Table 4.20 R02_edu_source

field	type	description
ind_id	int64	Unique entrepreneur id
name	string	Full name of the entrepreneur
edu_org	string	Name of the organization where the entrepreneur studied (raw)
edu_prg	string	Name of the study program (raw)
edu_sy	float64	Study program starting year
edu_ey	float64	Study program ending year
row	float64
seq	float64	Sequence number. Indicates the order of occurrence of the work/education experiencce (after imputing exp_ey with 2020 in the case of ongoing work experiences).

4.5.3. R03_exp_source

Table 4.21 R03_exp_source

field	type	description
ind_id	int64	Unique entrepreneur id
name	string	Full name of the entrepreneur
exp_org	string	Name of the organization where the entrepreneur has work experience (as a founder or employee)
exp_sy	float64	Work experience starting year
exp_ey	float64	Work experience end year. Note: the variable takes the value 2020 for work experiences that were ongoing at the time of data collection (ca. 2020).
exp_jt	string	Job title
row	float64
seq	float64	Sequence number. Indicates the order of occurrence of the work/education experiencce (after imputing exp_ey with 2020 in the case of ongoing work experiences).
job_job_type	string	Type of the job role described in job_title (src: Crunchase)

4.6. Other tables

4.6.1. T01_org_concordance

Table 4.22 T01_org_concordance

field	type	description
org_id	string	Unique id of the organization founded by the entrepreneur, or where she worked/studied
bvd_id	string	Orbis bvd_id
int_org_id	float64	Unique id of international organizations
compustat_id	float64	Unique Compustat id (WRDS)
crunchbase2013_id	string	Unique id of companies in the Crunchbase 2013 dump
crunchbase2015_id	string	Unique id of companies in the Crunchbase 2015 dataset
crsp_id	string	Unique CRSP ID (WRDS)
duo_bvd_id	string	bvd_id (Orbis) of the domestic ultimate owner of the company indicated by bvd_id (i.e., ultimate owner in the country)
guo_bvd_id	string	bvd_id (Orbis) of the global ultimate owner of the company indicated by bvd_id
eter_id	string	Unique id of universities in the ETER database
carnegie_id	float64	Unique id of educational institutions in the Carnegie Classification database
brussels_wallonia_id	string	Unique id of educational institutions in Brussels and Wallonia (own)
BE_schools_id	string	Unique id of Belgian schools (own)
webometrics_id	string	Unique id of universities from the Webometrics database

4.6.2. T02_orbis_company_data

Table 4.23 T02_orbis_company_data

field	type	description
company_name	string	Incorporated organization name (Orbis)
bvd_id	string	Orbis bvd_id
inactive	string
quoted	string
branch	string
owndata	string
woco	string
cc_iso	string	2-digit ISO country code of the organization
bvd_sector	string	Organization sector (Orbis)
bvd_sector_id	string	Organization sector id (Orbis)
specialization	float64	Organization specialization (Orbis)
nace2_core_code	float64	Organization’s NACE2 - core code (Orbis)
nace2_main_section	string	Organization’s NACE2 - main section (Orbis)
duo_bvd_id	string	bvd_id (Orbis) of the domestic ultimate owner of the company indicated by bvd_id (i.e., ultimate owner in the country)
duo_name	string
guo_bvd_id	string	bvd_id (Orbis) of the global ultimate owner of the company indicated by bvd_id
guo_name	string	Name of the global ultimate owner

4.6.3. T03_orbis_bvd_sectors

Table 4.24 T03_orbis_bvd_sectors

field	type	description
bvd_sector_id	string	Organization sector id (Orbis)
bvd_sector	string	Organization sector (Orbis)

4.6.4. T04_edu_concordance_ALL

Table 4.25 T04_edu_concordance_ALL

field	type	description
id	string	Unique identifier
eter_id	string	Unique id of universities in the ETER database
eter_name	string	Organization name
cc	string	2-digit ISO country code
BxlWa_name	string	Name of higher education institutions from the Brussels or Wallonia regions
BxlWa_id	string	Unique identifier of higher education institutions from the Brussels or Wallonia regions
carnegie_name	string	Organization name
carnegie_id	float64	Unique id of educational institutions in the Carnegie Classification database
WU_name	string	Name of the educational institution
WU_id	string	Unique id of educational institutions in the Webometrics ranking (own)
be_schools_name	string	Name of the school from the Brussels or Wallonia regions
be_schools_id	string	Unique id of schools from the Brussels or Wallonia regions

4.6.5. T05_international_orgs

Table 4.26 T05_international_orgs

field	type	description
id	int64	Unique identifier
int_org_name	string	Name of the international organization
name_parsed	string	Institution name (parsed)

4.6.6. T06_compustat

Table 4.27 T06_compustat

field	type	description
id	string	Unique identifier
compustat_name	string	Company name in the Compustat database
name_parsed	string	Institution name (parsed)
cc	string	2-digit ISO country code
cc_fic	string	2-digit ISO country code of the country where the organization was founded
cc_loc	string	2-digit ISO country code of the country where the organization is located

4.6.7. T07_crunchbase_2013

Table 4.28 T07_crunchbase_2013

field	type	description
cb2013_name	string	Company name in the Crunchbase 2013 data dump
normalized_name	string
country_code	string	Entrepreneur’s country code
city	string	Entrepreneur’s city
founded_at	string
founding_year	float64	Company founding year
crunchbase_id	string	Company identifier for the Crunchbase company (WARNING!: This id is internal to the db and will not match to any external dataset)
name_parsed	string	Institution name (parsed)
cc	string	2-digit ISO country code

4.6.8. T08_crunchbase_2015

Table 4.29 T08_crunchbase_2015

field	type	description
cb2015_name	string	Company name in the Crunchbase 2015 datafile
country_code	string	Entrepreneur’s country code
city	string	Entrepreneur’s city
founded_at	string
founding_year	float64	Company founding year
crunchbase_id	string	Company identifier for the Crunchbase company (WARNING!: This id is internal to the db and will not match to any external dataset)
name_parsed	string	Institution name (parsed)
cc	string	2-digit ISO country code

4.6.9. T09_crsp

Table 4.30 T09_crsp

field	type	description
id	string	Unique identifier
comnam	string	CRSP company name (raw)
name_parsed	string	Institution name (parsed)

4.6.10. T11_eter

Table 4.31 T11_eter

field	type	description
id	string	Unique identifier
eter_name	string	Organization name
name_parsed	string	Institution name (parsed)
cc	string	2-digit ISO country code

4.6.11. T12_carnegie

Table 4.32 T12_carnegie

field	type	description
id	int64	Unique identifier
carnegie_name	string	Organization name
name_parsed	string	Institution name (parsed)
cc	string	2-digit ISO country code

4.6.12. T13_universities_bxl_wallonie

Table 4.33 T13_universities_bxl_wallonie

field	type	description
id	string	Unique identifier
BxlWa_name	string	Name of higher education institutions from the Brussels or Wallonia regions
name_parsed	string	Institution name (parsed)
cc	string	2-digit ISO country code

4.6.13. T14_schools

Table 4.34 T14_schools

field	type	description
id	string	Unique identifier
be_schools_name	string	Name of the school from the Brussels or Wallonia regions
name_parsed	string	Institution name (parsed)
cc	string	2-digit ISO country code

4.6.14. T15_webometrics

Table 4.35 T15_webometrics

field	type	description
id	string	Unique identifier
WU_name	string	Name of the educational institution
name_parsed	string	Institution name (parsed)
cc	string	2-digit ISO country code
uni_url	string	url of the university’s main website

4.6.15. T16_cb_companies

Table 4.36 T16_cb_companies

field	type	description
cb_name	string	Crunchbase company name (raw)
uu_id	string	Unique Crunchbase company id
name_aka	string	Alternative company name
rank_org	float64	Company ranking
rank_investors	float64	Investor’s ranking
founding_date	string	Company founding date
founding_year	float64	Company founding year
investor_type	string	Type of investor (that invested in the company)
acc_appl_deadline	float64	Accelerator’s application deadline
acc_appl_duration	float64	Accelerator’s application duration
org_id	string	Unique id of the organization founded by the entrepreneur, or where she worked/studied

4.6.16. T17_cb_industries

Table 4.37 T17_cb_industries

field	type	description
cb_name	string	Crunchbase company name (raw)
industry	string	Industry/industries where the company is active
org_id	string	Unique id of the organization founded by the entrepreneur, or where she worked/studied

4.6.17. T18_cb_names

Table 4.38 T18_cb_names

field	type	description
cb_name	string	Crunchbase company name (raw)
founder_name	string	Name of the company founder
founder_id	string	Crunchbase founder id
org_id	string	Unique id of the organization founded by the entrepreneur, or where she worked/studied
is_in_be_founders	dummy	Equals 1 if the the company founders is included in the be_founders database, and 0 otherwise
ind_id	float64	Unique entrepreneur id

4.6.18. T19_entrepreneur_dyads_industries

Table 4.39 T19_entrepreneur_dyads_industries

field	type	description
org_id_left	string	Org_id of the organization founded by ind_id_left
org_id_right	string	Org_id of the organization founded by ind_id_right
industry_left	string
industry_right	string
counterf_same_industry	dummy	Equals 1 for rows where cofounders=1 OR for counterfactual dyads in the same industry-year (see text)

4.6.19. T20_entrepreneur_dyads_sectors

Table 4.40 T20_entrepreneur_dyads_sectors

field	type	description
org_id_left	string	Org_id of the organization founded by ind_id_left
org_id_right	string	Org_id of the organization founded by ind_id_right
bvd_sector_id_left	string
bvd_sector_id_right	string
counterf_same_sector	dummy	Equals 1 for rows where cofounders=1 OR for counterfactual dyads in the same sector-year (see text)

4.6.20. T21_cofounders_count

Table 4.41 T21_cofounders_count

field	type	description
ind_id	int64	Unique entrepreneur id
org_id	string	Unique id of the organization founded by the entrepreneur, or where she worked/studied
num_cofounders	int64	Total number of cofounders of the organization indicated by org_id

4.6.21. T22_employee_turnover

Table 4.42 T22_employee_turnover

field	type	description
organization_id	string
year	int64
roles_start	int64
roles_end	int64
hires	int64
exits	int64
hires_internal	int64
workforce	int64
volunteer_roles_start	int64
volunteer_roles_end	int64
volunteer_hires	int64
volunteer_exits	int64
volunteer_hires_internal	int64
volunteer_workforce	int64
jobst_intern_roles_start	int64
jobst_intern_roles_end	int64
jobst_intern_hires	int64
jobst_intern_exits	int64
jobst_intern_hires_internal	int64
jobst_intern_workforce	int64
independent_roles_start	int64
independent_roles_end	int64
independent_hires	int64
independent_exits	int64
independent_hires_internal	int64
independent_workforce	int64
mgmt_roles_start	int64
mgmt_roles_end	int64
mgmt_hires	int64
mgmt_exits	int64
mgmt_hires_internal	int64
mgmt_workforce	int64

4.6.22. T23_orbis_financial_data

Table 4.43 T23_orbis_financial_data

field	type	description
org_id	string	Unique id of the organization founded by the entrepreneur, or where she worked/studied
BvD ID number	string	Bureau van Dijk company id
year	int64
Cash flow EUR	float64	Src: Orbis
Current ratio	float64	Src: Orbis
Number of employees	float64	Src: Orbis
Operating revenue (Turnover) EUR	float64	Src: Orbis
P/L before tax EUR	float64	Src: Orbis
P/L for period [=Net income] EUR	float64	Src: Orbis
Profit margin (%)	float64	Src: Orbis
ROCE using P/L before tax (%)	float64	Src: Orbis
ROE using P/L before tax (%)	float64	Src: Orbis
Shareholders funds EUR	float64	Src: Orbis
Solvency ratio (Asset based) (%)	float64	Src: Orbis
Total assets EUR	float64	Src: Orbis

4.6.23. T24_cb_focal_startups_landing

Table 4.44 T24_cb_focal_startups_landing

field	type	description
cb_name	string	Crunchbase company name (raw)
cb_uuid	string	Crunchbase’s native company unique identifier
fund_total_raw	string
org_id	string	Unique id of the organization founded by the entrepreneur, or where she worked/studied
city	string	Entrepreneur’s city
cty	string	Country
founding_date	string	Company founding date
founding_year	float64	Company founding year
curr	string
fund_total	float64	Total funding collected as stated in Crunchbase (data collected in 2022, 1Q)

4.6.24. T25_focal_startups_cbuuid_orgid_bvd

Table 4.45 T25_focal_startups_cbuuid_orgid_bvd

field	type	description
cb_name	string	Crunchbase company name (raw)
cb_uuid	string	Crunchbase’s native company unique identifier
org_id	string	Unique id of the organization founded by the entrepreneur, or where she worked/studied
bvd_id	string	Orbis bvd_id

4.6.25. T26_kbo_status

Table 4.46 T26_kbo_status

field	type	description
bvd_id	string	Orbis bvd_id
org_id	string	Unique id of the organization founded by the entrepreneur, or where she worked/studied
bvd_num	int64
org_num	string
org_status	string
org_status_date	string
org_founding_date	string
org_legal_form	string
org_legal_status	string
org_legal_status_date	string
is_inactive	float64
is_dissolved_bankrupt	int64
is_acquired	int64
org_exit_date	string
org_founding_year	int64
org_exit_year	float64

4.6.26. T27_cb_acquisition

Table 4.47 T27_cb_acquisition

field	type	description
uuid	string
name	string	Full name of the entrepreneur
type	string	Entrepreneur’s type
permalink	string	Entrepreneur’s LinkedIn permalink
cb_url	string	Crunchbase url of the entrepreneur’s site
rank	float64	Entrepreneur’s Crunchbase rank
created_at	string
updated_at	string
acquiree_uuid	string
acquiree_name	string
acquiree_cb_url	string
acquiree_country_code	string
acquiree_state_code	string
acquiree_region	string
acquiree_city	string
acquirer_uuid	string
acquirer_name	string
acquirer_cb_url	string
acquirer_country_code	string
acquirer_state_code	string
acquirer_region	string
acquirer_city	string
acquisition_type	string
acquired_on	string
price_usd	float64
price	float64
price_currency_code	string

4.6.27. T28_funding_round

Table 4.48 T28_funding_round

field	type	description
uuid	string
name	string	Full name of the entrepreneur
type	string	Entrepreneur’s type
permalink	string	Entrepreneur’s LinkedIn permalink
cb_url	string	Crunchbase url of the entrepreneur’s site
rank	float64	Entrepreneur’s Crunchbase rank
created_at	string
updated_at	string
country_code	string	Entrepreneur’s country code
state_code	string	Entrepreneur’s state
region	string	Entrepreneur’s region
city	string	Entrepreneur’s city
investment_type	string
announced_on	string
raised_amount_usd	float64
raised_amount	float64
raised_amount_currency_code	string
post_money_valuation_usd	float64
post_money_valuation	float64
post_money_valuation_currency_code	string
investor_count	float64
org_uuid	string
org_name	string
lead_investor_uuids	string